The Complex Dynamics of Modern-Day Slavery: An interview with Abolish Slavery

http://www.abolishslavery.org/the-complex-dynamics-of-modern-day-slavery-an-interview-with-abolish-slavery/

Source:  Abolish Slavery

APRIL 16, 2013 BY MELISSA GRACE HOON

Interview by Livier Enriquez

Human trafficking, the fastest growing illegal industry in the world, is a severely complex human rights issue.  In this revealing interview, Livi Enriquez, an Abolish Slavery intern from Chapman University, sits down with Abolish Slavery staff to uncover the intricate dynamics involved in modern-day slavery, covering angles from prevention and protection to the sickening supply and demand that drives such an atrocity.

Livi Enriquez: Sex trafficking is the fastest growing illegal industry in the world principally because it is market-driven, based on the principles of supply and demand.  Why is the demand so high in this industry?

Sandy Kikerpill Leger, Board Chairman and Co-Founder of the Abolish Slavery Coalition

Sandy Kikerpill-Leger, Board Chairman & Co-Founder: Globalization and the entertainment business, particularly the pornographic industry, cause the high demand for sex, fueling the illegal $32 billion per year human trafficking industry. Human trafficking is the fastest growing illegal business in the world and has already passed armed sales and is in the position to pass drug sales.  This is because the sex industry is bigger than all entertainment combined with pornography alone bringing in $100 billion per year.  Clearly, there are not enough women who are willing to go into the pornographic industry to satisfy the male demand for sex online.  Sex trafficking occurs because organized crimes groups coerce women and children into sex work because there aren’t enough women willing to do this on their own.  Sex traffickers coerce women and children through their vulnerabilities, subjugating them into prostitution.

Livi: What are some things people tend to not know about sex trafficking?

Sandy: One common myth regarding human trafficking is that people are only victims of human trafficking when transportation from one place to another occurs.  The reality is that many victims are never transported and we cannot overlook these women and children as victims of human trafficking simply because there is not travel involved with their situation.  In the United States, a large number of sex trafficking victims are domestic runaways.  Teenage girls who have trouble at home runaway and pimps prey on their vulnerable state.  In many cases, these girls aren’t moved from the general area where their predators found them, yet they are absolutely still victims of sex trafficking.  Transportation is, however, certainly often involved.  Pimps use this to control their victims, since keeping their victims in unfamiliar places means there is less opportunity for escape.

Melissa Grace Hoon, Managing Director/Case Worker: Another human trafficking myth—which is detrimental to victim identification and rescue because of its highly misleading nature—is that victims will try to find help right away or will identify themselves as a victim to authorities if arrested or rescued.  Many victims do not call or ask for help, even when they have the opportunity to do so because they are afraid of the violent, oftentimes life-threatening consequences their pimp will inflict upon them if they try to escape.  Pimps use brutal scare tactics to ensure their victims do not leave.  For example, if a victim has a child, the pimp will threaten to kill the child.  It is not uncommon for victims to have children with their pimps, as pimps use a child as leverage to either threaten or hold hostage to keep their victims from escaping.  For even the slightest discrepancy, most victims endure various beatings and even forms of torture, from slaps and punches to being pushed down flights of stairs to being beaten with an aluminum baseball bat.  Injuries sustained range from moderate harms to serious head trauma, broken ribs and internal bleeding.  This is one reason victims often don’t call for help.  Some victims don’t identify themselves as victims to authorities if arrested because they fear their fate if their pimp were to find out they confessed, and also because of the psychological affect their pimps have on them.  Pimps tell their victims they deserve their life in the “game,” or the world of sex trafficking, and that they are worthless and are nothing, that no one cares about them and never could.  Victims begin to believe this about themselves, and in thinking that they deserve their situation, they might actually think they are a prostitute and not a victim, even though they have been coerced, beaten and forced to have sex with strangers.

Livi: Helping victims doesn’t stop after they have been rescued.  What are some of the ways victims are helped during the rehabilitation period?

Melissa: The goal for rehabilitation is to bring a victim to recovery, where she can identify herself as a survivor with restored dignity and self-respect.  Getting to this point can take years and many steps are involved.  Oftentimes, following a victim’s rescue, she will reside in a transitional living home with other victims of sex trafficking.  This gives her the opportunity to have group therapy where she can learn about her situation and her own recovery by seeing and hearing about other peoples’ similar situations.  The advantage of group therapy is the mirror effect.  Many victims are in denial because they have been brainwashed by their pimp, or they suffer from dissociation where they do not yet comprehend the reality or severity of their situation.  Hearing other victims speak of their situation, feelings and progress is like looking in a mirror, where they can see what their own situation is really like, even if they do not yet realize it.  This helps immensely in their rehabilitation process because they begin to identify their problem, which ultimately assists in their harnessing of various solutions that will help on their road to recovery.  Transitional housing also typically offers in-house individual therapy, and is, of course, a safe house, striving to ensure victims’ safety from pimps and predators.  Often following transitional housing and therapy, is either vocational training or a college education.  After therapy has helped a victim become safe from falling victim to her vulnerabilities, she is a survivor and often has the strength she needs to move forward in pursuing her dreams, turning her passions into reality.  That is the purpose behind a rescue—giving a victim her right as a human being the freedom needed to realize her own destiny.

Livi: What new sex trafficking legislation has been enacted recently? How will these laws be helpful in combating the issue?

Richard Leger, Co-Founder: Proposition 35, or the Californians Against Sexual Exploitation (CASE) Act, is the most recent legislation in California, which was passed in the November election with the highest pass rate in state history.  Clearly, the people of California are against sex trafficking and are taking measures to combat it.  The law increases sentencing for traffickers, requires fines from convicted traffickers to pay for victim services, requires convicted sex traffickers to register as sex offenders, required registered sex offenders to disclose their Internet accounts and mandates law enforcement training on human trafficking, such as training to help officers better identify victims.  This law has already been helpful in combating the issue, as several Prop. 35 cases are already pending and at least several traffickers have been prosecuted under new legislation.

Livi: What are some of the main efforts made by the U.S. government in preventing sex trafficking?

Sandy: Those who are involved in fighting human trafficking, including the U.S. government at state and federal levels, work to combat it from the four Ps—prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership.  Prop. 35, for example, is helpful in combating the issue because it hits each of the four Ps—the harsh penalties work to prevent traffickers from getting involved in the crime, law enforcement training will help protect victims and prosecute traffickers, and law enforcement training and monies raised with traffickers’ fees will encourage and establish partnerships to further prevent sex trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers and johns.

Livi: Popular media tends to glamorize and romanticize the commercial sex industry without fully addressing the presence of sex trafficking. What are some of the ways to educate the public on the correlation of the two industries?

Sandy: The commercial sex industry is glamorized and romanticized largely because of the problem with men in our society.  The relationship between the glamorization of the sex industry and the problem with men has a push-pull-relationship, as the glamorization of the sex industry also reinforces the problem with men, just as the problem with men affects the sex industry.  The problem with men and the glamorization of the sex industry both create the demand for sex and forced prostitution.  “The problem with men” refers to the wolf pack mentality that is central to male bonding rites, coming of age rituals and the idea that boys will be boys.  Men are not policing themselves and are not strictly enough being policed by society.  In terms of educating the public, these issues need to be addressed on the junior high school level.  We will continue to have atrocious human rights issues in the future if we don’t address these problems now.

Livi: What can be done to better protect people from becoming victims?

Melissa: People become victims largely because they are vulnerable.  One place to start the prevention of sex trafficking is in the home.  Young girls need to be told they are beautiful and loved, otherwise they are at risk of developing the desire to either go out and find someone who will tell them they love them or will become vulnerable to believing the first person who tells them these things, even if that person is a trafficker.  Domestic runaways have a high rate of becoming victims of sex trafficking because they are often running from situations where they were abused or neglected.  As a society, we should work to educate families on the importance of the abundant presence of love in homes, illustrating the consequences of what can result from vulnerability that develops in the absence of love and the opposite of love.

Livi: What are some measures that are taken against people involved in sex trafficking?

Melissa: John schools are one of the most successful measures taken on those involved in sex trafficking.  They are schools that offenders in certain areas are required to go to as part of their sentences.  Perhaps the most effective element of these schools is when survivors tell their stories to johns, the men who purchase women and girls for sex.  Despite the fact that many prostituted girls project a demeanor that is a clear indicator that they are not in their situation by choice, many johns are unaware that the girls they buy are coerced.  When they learn of this and of what these girls endure with their pimps, such as their beatings and general terms of enslavement, they are appalled, often thinking of their own children and daughters (yes, the majority of johns in the United States have wives and children).  In most john schools, 100 percent of johns never again repeat their offense, proving the success of the measure against those who purchase sex.

Livi: What are some benefits of anti-human trafficking organizations partnering with other related groups? What is the most effective partnership in preventing sex trafficking?

Sandy: Partnership is absolutely crucial in combating sex trafficking.  No lone agency can fight such a force on its own.  Government agencies partner with law enforcement and victim services organizations in order to provide funding and to enforce legislation.  Academic institutions partner with government agencies and tech firms to provide research and establish technology that will help law enforcement track and identify sex trafficking criminals, such as the partnership with Microsoft and the USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy (CCLP).  Nonprofit organizations that specialize in specific areas of combating sex trafficking work with government and law enforcement agencies around the world.  For example, Abolish Slavery specializes in the rescue of sex trafficking victims and their transition out of a life in human trafficking, and we use the skills that we develop and practice in the field to help establish human trafficking task forces and train law enforcement around the world.  The effectiveness of combating human trafficking relies on partnerships because these collaborations help various organizations understand the complexity involved in the crime itself and in combating it, as these organizations themselves represent the intricate dynamics involved in human trafficking.

Louise Shelley on her book Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective

April 11, 2011

Cambridge University Press

Human trafficking will remain a defining problem of the 21st century

In a nutshell

There is more than one business model of human trafficking and there are enormous variations in human trafficking in different regions of the world. This book examines all forms of human trafficking in a global and comparative perspective.
Transnational crime is an important part of the rise in human trafficking as criminals are drawn by the enormous supply of people and the demand for cheap domestic servants, agricultural workers and laborers for dangerous industries.

The rise of sexual exploitation has been rapid and a truly global phenomenon, drawing increasing numbers of children and young women into this sphere. The growth of this crime has been very rapid because there is neither certainty nor severity of punishment. Unlike in the drug trade, criminal prosecutions for human trafficking are rare and profits are rarely confiscated.

Drawing on a wide body of academic research—actual prosecuted cases, diverse reports, and fieldwork and interviews I conducted over the last sixteen years in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe—the book concludes that human trafficking will be a defining issue of the 20th century.
Human trafficking will grow as a result of economic and demographic inequalities in the world, the rise of conflicts, and possibly global climate change. Coordinated efforts of government, civil society, the business community, multilateral organizations, and the media are needed to stem its growth.

The wide angle

Human smuggling and trafficking have been among the fastest growing forms of transnational crime—because current world conditions have created increased imbalances of demand and supply. In addition, migration flows are enormous and this illicit trade is hidden within the massive movement of people.

The supply of people that are trafficked exists because globalization has caused increasing economic and demographic disparities between the developing and developed world, along with the feminization of poverty and the marginalization of many rural communities. Globalized corruption has stripped many developing countries of much of their national treasuries, depriving citizens of education and social benefits and development capital.

Trafficking has expanded because the transportation infrastructure is there and transportation costs have declined. The tremendous growth of tourism has also enabled pedophiles to travel and many to engage in sex tourism.

The end of the Cold War resulted in the rise of regional conflicts and the decline of borders, leading to an increased number of economic and political refugees. Furthermore, many rebel groups turned to illicit activity, including human trafficking, to fund their military actions and obtain soldiers. Demand has also increased as producers depend more on trafficked and exploited labor to stay competitive in a global economy in which consumers seek cheap goods and services, including easily available and accessible sexual services.

Imbalances of supply and demand have created a flourishing business for traffickers.


Traffickers choose to trade in humans because there are low start-up costs, minimal risks, high profits, and large demand. For organized crime groups, human beings have one added advantage over drugs: they can be sold repeatedly. In drug trafficking organizations, profits flow to the top of the organization. With the small-scale entrepreneurship that characterizes much of human trafficking, however, more profits go to individual criminals making this trade more attractive for all involved.

Human smugglers and traffickers are not always motivated exclusively by profit. Some consciously engage in this activity to fund a terrorist group, a guerilla movement, or an insurgency. Others trade in people to provide suicide bombers.

Everywhere in the world, the consequences of trafficking are devastating for its victims and larger communities. Those victimized in this open slave market were not only the young women destined for sexual slavery. All of society suffers from such victimization. Other casualties include the principles of a democratic society, the rule of law, and respect for human rights. The degradation of the women in full view of the public deals a direct blow to the rights of women and to gender equality. The full costs of human trafficking, however, will be evident only in coming decades.

Transnational crime was once synonymous with the drug trade. Yet trafficking in persons is now perpetrated on such a large scale that it is a prime activity of many transnational crime groups. According to 2005 data of the International Labour Organization, 12.3 million people worldwide are in forced bonded labor, child labor, and sexual servitude.

A close-up

Pages 112-138 are on the business of human trafficking.

Organized crime, like all businesses is focused on making a profit, ensuring supply, and meeting demand. What sets an organized crime business apart is that violence and corruption are innate to its business operations. Human trafficking is very much part of organized crime because the criminals who traffic people rely on coercion, deception, corruption, and brute force at every stage of the business. Human trafficking businesses worldwide share these common features. Yet analyses of international business and trade reveal that there are great variations in the business practices of entrepreneurs in different regions of the world.

These economic comparisons are very relevant to this analysis of human trafficking. The illicit trade in humans mirrors the legitimate economy. Chinese human traffickers treat their business as a form of trade and a means of generating capital for economic development. Groups from the Soviet successor states treat the trade in women as an exploitable natural resource, such as oil, gas, and timber that is sold without regard to the future. American pimps who trade in women consume almost all their profits and engage in conspicuous consumption.

Distinctive regional differences in trafficking are not a contemporary phenomenon. In the past, there was no single model of slavery. Slavery was different in the American colonies, Brazil, and the Horn of Africa. Just as the trade in humans was shaped in the past by cultural, geographic, and economic forces, today’s human trafficking is also shaped by these forces as well as historical traditions.

Some groups specialize in human trafficking whereas others commit diverse crimes simultaneously. Some make more use of corruption and technology, others exploit the absence of effective state controls in their home country. Still other traffickers use underground banking or commodities to launder their money. These distinctions are essential in understanding the business operations of human trafficking groups in different regions of the world.

Understanding the nature of the organization is not an intellectual construct. It is essential if there is to be success in combating human trafficking. As the great anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone explained, he was able to combat La Cosa Nostra in Sicily only when he profoundly understood its nature.

Unfortunately, Falcone’s understanding of the mafia is not very helpful to the counter-trafficking effort because the mafia has made its money primarily in other areas of criminal activity. Yet his insight that one must understand the tradition, cultures, and norms of a criminal group in order to effectively fight them should be at the core of any rational policies to counter the business of human trafficking.

Lastly

Contemporary trafficking is much more diverse and complex than the white slave trade of the late 19th and early 20th century. It cannot be stopped or appreciably slowed by the worldwide economic slowdown that began in 2008. Today’s trafficking is truly global. Every country of the world is part of the problem and the flows of people are much more difficult to chart than the unidirectional white slave trade whose victims flowed from Europe to North and South America. Moreover, many countries in the world today are simultaneously source, transit, and destination countries for human trafficking.

Despite the disproportionate attention to sex trafficking today, contemporary trafficking victims are more likely to be victims of labor trafficking, forced to serve as child soldiers, or trapped in domestic servitude. Although victimization is still disproportionately female, as was trafficking in the 1930s, children and minors today make up a significant share of victims both in the developing world and in the sex markets in the United States. And they are increasingly visible in streets in some Western European countries.

The Russian meltdown in the late 1980s and the Asian economic crisis that subsequently crippled Asian economies affected trafficking in diverse ways. Yet the crises were regional; many parts of the world remained largely untouched. There was still a strong demand for trafficked people in other parts of the world. Women impoverished by the crisis in Russia and desperate families in Asia sold their children into prostitution to pay debts or to ensure the survival of the rest of the family. Trafficked women could still easily be sold in

European markets largely unaffected by the crisis. Sex tourism continued in Asia where the availability of victims merely made trafficked women and children more accessible.

The impact of the economic crisis on labor trafficking was more complex and long lasting. The crisis reduced economic output and therefore the immediate demand for labor, both trafficked and free. Only in the early 21st century did the human costs of the crisis of the late 1990s become more apparent. Individuals who incurred debt during this crisis and could not repay were subsequently forced into involuntary servitude or sold their children to settle these accounts. Children who were pulled out of schools by parents during the crisis often labored on family farms. Ignorant and ill prepared for the workforce, these children as teenagers and young adults became victims of labor trafficking. Therefore, the full impact of economic crises may be delayed, the consequences apparent only years later.

Human trafficking will remain a defining problem of the 21st century as the Cold War was in the 20th century and Colonialism in the 19th.

© 2011 Louise Shelley

There was no single model of slavery. Slavery was different in the American colonies, Brazil, and the Horn of Africa. Just as the trade in humans was shaped in the past by cultural, geographic, and economic forces, today’s human trafficking is also shaped by these forces as well as historical traditions.

• Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective

• by Louise Shelley
• Cambridge University Press
• 356 pages, 9 x 6 inches
• ISBN: 978 0521113816 hb
• ISBN: 978 0521130875 pb

Shelley, Louise

Louise Shelley is a University Professor and Director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center at the School of Public Policy of George Mason University. She is the recipient of numerous fellowships, including Guggenheim, Fulbright and NEH, and presently serves as the co-chair of the Global Agenda Council on Organized Crime of the World Economic Forum. Besides Human Trafficking, featured in her Rorotoko interview, Louise Shelley is also the author of other books and papers on transnational crime, corruption and their relationship to terrorism.

Source: ROROTOKO.COM

The Human Commodity: Our Global Shame / ISN

17 December 2010

Human trafficking, world's second largest criminal activity

The word 'slavery' often conjures brutal images of a long since vanquished historic project, but its practice, more commonly and legally referred to as human trafficking, continues to thrive in every corner of the globe - making it the world's second largest criminal industry.

By Cassandra Clifford for ISN Insights

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People are comparatively cheaper than they were in the 1600-1800s, when slaves were purchased for life. Now ownership tends to last only a few months to a few years, making slaves cheaper to purchase and more easily disposable. In 1850 the purchase price of a slave in the southern US averaged the equivalent of $40,000 today. According to Free the Slaves, a slave today costs an average of $90. People have become a disposable commodity, cheap and easy labor one can just toss out when no longer needed. Globalization and the post-World War II population boom have increased access to, and lowered the cost of, transportation, which has in turn contributed to the increased levels of global slavery. Victims are often driven into slavery by severe poverty or acute need for economic gain. Additionally, the ethnicity of today's slave is rarely important.

Some definitions

Slavery was first defined by the League of Nations in 1926 as a "situation where rights of ownership are exercised by one person over another." Subsequently in 1956 the UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Practices similar to Slavery addressed slavery-like conditions, including debt bondage, serfdom and related practices. Human trafficking can take many forms and is a practice of using illicit means via force, fraud or coercion, for which a person is then held for the purpose of exploitation. The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, defines human trafficking in Article 3, and includes the " practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs", as well as the afore mentioned elements. Human trafficking does not require travel or transport from one location to another.

While human trafficking is often associated with poor countries, no state is immune - with every country across the globe categorized as a source, transit or destination for human trafficking. Modern slavery comes in various forms: sex trafficking and slavery; debt bondage/bonded labor; domestic servitude; involuntary servitude; child labor and child soldiering. In the case of sex trafficking, the victim is acquired for the purpose of sexual exploitation and/or commercial sex acts. Debt bondage, legally termed bonded labor, occurs when an unwarranted bond or debt, often inherited, is used to enslave an individual. Domestic servitude occurs when a person is enslaved in a private home and used for household chores and other violations. Involuntary servitude involves a situation in which laborers work under some form of physical or psychological force that prevents them from leaving. Chattel slavery is the long-term ownership of a slave and is most often racially based.

Staggering numbers

Estimates vary as to the number of modern-day slaves. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are 12.3 million adults and children who are trafficked around the globe for the purpose of forced prostitution, bonded labor and forced labor. Of these victims, the ILO estimates that at least 1.39 million are victims of commercial sexual servitude, both transnationally and within countries.

Those most victimized by human trafficking are women and children, with 56 percent of all forced labor victims women and girls. Kevin Bales, modern slavery expert and president of Free the Slaves, estimates the number to be 27 million, a figure widely accepted by NGOs. UNICEF estimates there are some 250,000 child soldiers globally, while Human Rights Watch puts the number at 300,000, with the majority, some 200,000, in Africa. Child soldiers are actively fighting in at least 30 countries around the world, according to both Amnesty International and UNICEF, and PW Singer estimates in his book, Children at War, that 43 percent of all armed organizations in the world use child soldiers, 90 percent of whom see combat.

The entire global economy is impacted by the use of slavery in the production of goods, such as cotton, tea, silk, coca, sugar, steal, carpets, diamonds, etc. The ILO report, Combating Child Labor in Cocoa Growing , estimates that 200,000 children work on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast alone.

The sale of humans for profit is growing steadily around the globe, and is estimated to be a $31.7 billion industry, according to the ILO - making it the second largest criminal industry in the world, larger than the drug trade and soon to surpass the arms trade.

Toward an enhanced legal framework

Human trafficking poses both national and international human security risks, including threats to border security and human health, and thus calls for a concentrated worldwide effort to adequately dismantle the illegal markets. This must be done cohesively with the increased establishment and enforcement of laws that prosecute traffickers and provide protection and resources to survivors. Survivors of trafficking must first be treated as victims, as opposed to criminals. In many countries, when trafficking victims are found, they are jailed and deported to their home countries, and children are often placed in juvenile detention centers.

On a global scale, very few cases of human trafficking are successfully prosecuted under international or state law. However, while much remains to be done, especially in the establishment and enforcement of laws to protect victims, significant progress has been made in the last decade. In particular, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime operates under the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which sets forth how to define, prevent and prosecute global human trafficking. The convention's Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2000) has established an international set of guidelines. Additionally, the UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air was established (2003-2004). The enforcement of both protocols is supported by the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (2007).

In addition to these international initiatives, a number of states have successfully sought to increase the number of prosecutions by creating and enhancing legislation. The US for example passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), and its subsequent reauthorizations (2003, 2005 and 2008) have led to a number of successful prosecutions under US federal law, and a number of US states have passed successful state legislation.

How to win the battle

Organizations and governments must work from the bottom up, putting resources on the ground in the areas most affected. Organizations must therefore educate communities about the realities of trafficking, as well as offer alternative solutions and economic opportunities, such as sustainable trade skills, for vulnerable parties. Both children and adults in affected communities must be part of the process of finding alternative solutions and prevention programs. Enforceable laws must be passed to prosecute those involved on every level, and it is necessary that victims be given access to the tools and resources needed to establish the skills, knowledge and strength needed to avoid falling back into the trafficking market. There is an understated amount of both short- and long-term support and treatment services, including shelters, mental and physical health services available globally.

To sustainably bring an end to modern slavery, four main areas of focus must be addressed. First is the demand for inexpensively manufactured goods and sex services, since this demand is met by the cheap - or free - labor of those who are acutely economically vulnerable. Second, gender inequality and bias must be addressed in all countries to reduce the stigma and abuse of sexual exploitation. Third, there must be a unified international response to strategies of prevention and awareness, and, fourth, impunity must end, for victims will continue to remain silent and not seek medical, psychological or legal attention if they feel there is no available retribution or safe care. History has clearly illustrated that impunity for traffickers only serves to exacerbate its use.

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Cassandra Clifford is the founder and executive director of Bridge to Freedom Foundation, which works to enhance and improve the services and opportunities available to survivors of modern slavery, and the children's rights writer for the Foreign Policy Association Blog. She holds a Master's in International Relations from Dublin City University in Ireland.

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Source:

The Human Commodity: Our Global Shame / ISN

Related articles

• EU Approves Anti-Trafficking Law, U.K. Refuses to Opt In (humantrafficking.change.org)
• Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism: Modern-Day Slavery: A Necessary Beat With Different Challenges (huffingtonpost.com)
• Over 4000 Vietnamese women and children trafficked abroad in five years (lookatvietnam.com)