The workers - mainly African immigrants - had been labouring for 10 hours a day in back-breaking conditions for a mere 20 euros a day.
They were getting paid 3.5 euros per cassatone, a 100kg crate. Out of these takings a cut had to be given to a middleman of between 3 and 5 euros a day - just for luxury of getting picked to do the job - plus another 3 euros to him for transport to the fields.
And it was all in the black - no social insurance, no contract, no paperwork, no rights.
What's more, many of them had been sleeping rough as there weren't enough tents.
There was no hot water, sanitation was poor and their situation was positively prehistoric, as one local journalist covering the strike put it.
There is nothing exceptional about this story. It's not just the labourers, or braccianti, but tens of thousands of legal and illegal immigrants escaping war and poverty in their home countries who work in these conditions every year, picking tomatoes, oranges and other fruit that Italians won't.
A 2009 report by the European Network Against Racism found that 90 per cent of migrant workers do not have a labour contract, and 16 per cent have been victims of violence.
The living conditions of seasonal workers in southern Italy are inhumane - 65 per cent live in poor housing with no access to water, 62 per cent have no access to toilets and 76 per cent have chronic illness, mostly linked to working conditions.
It continued: "Workers complained that they were being blackmailed by their employers, that there were delays in payment, that there was no respect for the safety of the workers when using pesticides.
"Seasonal agricultural workers are forced to move from one place to another, living in the countryside where they work with no contact with local services and the local population.
"Their chances of forming a family or integrating are nonexistent. On the contrary, their irregular situation in the labour market exposes them to illegal exploitation and conflicts with the local population."
Conservative estimates put the number of workers in the hands of illegal gangmasters at 550,000.
And it is the 'ndrangheta, the Sicilian mafia and the camorra of Naples who are the key players. It is impossible that the authorities don't know about this, but there are very few inspections to ensure the law is being upheld and very little interest is shown in the matter shown by politicians or institutions.
But now, for the first time, the people who are treated no better than slaves to satisfy our appetites for pizza and pasta have said enough is enough. And they are standing up for their rights.
Their demands? No more illegal gangmasters - instead, regular employment relations with the landowner or via the local employment office. Adherence to the provincial agricultural contract, which requires 5.92 euros an hour and 38.49 euros for a six-and-a-half-hour day, and accommodation and sanitary facilities fit for human beings.
It's a brave stand - one of the leading strikers has received death threats from one gangmaster and his sidekicks. Many without the right papers fear the wrath of the authorities who can impose hefty fines on illegal migrants.
Fortunately they are not alone. The Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) and local voluntary groups have been giving the workers practical help and trying to get the authorities to live up to their responsibilities.
Last month the CGIL published a report - Immigration, Exploitation and Social Conflict - on the conditions faced by migrant workers in the south and looked at the social, economic make-up of the areas where they work. It concluded that some areas in the south, in Scility, Campani, Puglia and Calabria, were "powderkegs," just waiting to go off.
The CGIL has long been pressing for tougher legislation. In particular a law has been proposed by an Apulian opposition senator that would make gang-mastering a criminal offence.
This must form part of a concerted push against the black economy, backed up by a tough inspection regime, severe penalties and the removal of tax breaks and public financing for offenders, says the CGIL.
This is the kind of action that left-wing Puglia governor Nichi Vendola has taken in his region since he was first elected in 2006, legalising the position of 44,000 workers in agriculture and construction.
But he argues he can only do so much and that the problem will not be solved until national action, backed by sufficient funding for enforcement, is taken.
The strike of the braccianti of Nardo is holding. On Thursday they took their demands to the provincial capital of Lecce. They have secured a commitment from the provincial administrators to discuss their working conditions.
Here's hoping their stand might start a real fight back against this modern-day slavery.
The conditions that the braccianti of Nardo find themselves in is appalling but should not be a surprise in a country with a government which includes the Northern League and is headed by Silvio Berlusconi.
The Northern League's core supporters are tax-dodging small businesses in Italy's north who see all state regulation as red tape. Cowed, unorganised illegal immigrants are the source of a good proportion of their profits too.
Since it first emerged in the early 1990s under the leadership of Umberto Bossi, the party has addressed the issue of immigration purely in terms of a security problem, and at a national and local level it has been feeding Italians with a relentless stream of racist propaganda.
More recently it has been getting even greater traction by preying on the growing economic insecurity felt among Italians.
But the Northern League wouldn't have made such an impact without billionaire Berlusconi.
The media magnate has declared repeated tax amnesties in the three governments he's led since 1994 and has an ongoing trial for tax fraud.
He's also faced trials in the past on mafia collusion and is thoroughly tolerant of party members and cabinet members who are tainted with allegations of links with organised crime, like agriculture minister Saverio Romano who is currently under investigation on mafia-related charges.
As to his attitude to race, the prime minister once commented on US president Obama's "suntan." He also said: "Reducing the number of immigrants in Italy means less labour for criminality." And his monopoly of the TV ensures such views dominate the airwaves.
The public discourse has been matched by legislation that includes making undocumented entry and stay in Italy a crime punishable by a hefty fine.
Human Rights Watch (HRW), in a report published earlier this year, documented serious law enforcement abuses against Roma during camp evictions and in the custody of police or Carabinieri - a defence ministry force that shares responsibility for civilian policing in Italy.
As HRW points out, "Political rhetoric, government policies, and media coverage linking immigrants and Roma to crime have fueled an environment of intolerance."
One Italian anti-racism organisation found 398 media reports of hate crimes in 2009, with 186 physical assaults, 18 of which led to death.
Clearly the actual number of incidents must be higher, but official statistics completely underestimate the problem, partly because of the way the crime figures are collected - no disaggregated statistics on crime reports or prosecutions - and partly because victims fear reporting crimes.
There have been numerous recent examples of mob violence and individual attacks targeting migrants, Roma and Italians of foreign descent.
But the grimmest incident of all was in Rosarno, in the toe of Italy, a centre of orange picking largely controlled by the 'Ndrangheta Calabrian crime syndicate.
In January 2010, African seasonal migrant workers were victims of acts of extreme violence, including drive-by shootings and three days of mob violence which left at least 11 migrants hospitalized with serious injuries.
Local residents and law enforcement officers also suffered injuries, some of them caused by migrants during riots against the mob attacks.
Workers found to be illegal were transported off to detention centres.
However, in line with the practice of prosecutors and the courts to take a restrictive view of the law on racial hatred, the events in Rosarno did not lead to prosecutions and convictions for racially-motivated crimes.
Only three Italians were prosecuted and convicted in connection with the violence.
photo by John Perivolaris (Dr John2005 on Flickr CC)
This raises the spectre of de facto state sanctioning of slavery in 21st century Europe.
–Anti-Slavery International’s director, Aidan McQuade
Illegal aliens, mostly from Africa, work in slave-like conditions in industrial greenhouses on the Spanish Costa del Sol. The Spanish authorities and agricultural industry have been found to be working in cooperation to exploit desperate immigrant workers.
According to a special investigative report by the Guardian, workers live in appalling conditions with inadequate housing, no sanitation and so little food they often depend on parcels from the Red Cross. Their employers also strictly control the workers’ movements and behavior. The surplus of labor caused by the recent economic downturn has enabled farmers to slash wages to illegal immigrant workers by more than 50%.
From the Guardian:
Charities working with illegal workers during this year’s harvest claim the abuses meet the UN’s official definition of modern-day slavery, with some workers having their pay withheld for complaining. Conditions appear to have deteriorated further as the collapse of the Spanish property boom has driven thousands of migrants from construction to horticulture to look for work.
Spain’s greenhouse vegetable industry supplies produce to northern European countries whose populations have grown accustomed to eating fresh salad year round.
Read the entire article in the Guardian and watch the following video report entitled “The Cost of Salad” for more:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/video/2011/feb/07/food-spain-migrants
Image via WikipediaEstela Aguilar-Lopez, 47, Blanca Estela Lopez-Aguilar, 37, and Francisco Ivan Rodriguez-Garcia, 29, were indicted Wednesday on charges of conspiracy to force labor and conspiracy to harbor illegal immigrants, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office in Houston.
The defendants, all citizens of Mexico, are accused of running a scheme to collect smuggling debts of about $2,200 to $2,500 from illegal immigrants by forcing them to sell counterfeit goods in Houston apartment complexes.
The investigation started with a tip in August to FBI agents that illegal immigrants were being held against their will at a home in the 10000 block of Woodico Court in north Houston, court records show.
At the home, federal agents found two women they suspected may be trafficking victims and started an investigation into the smuggling ring, which authorities said dates to 2006.
The indictment alleges that the defendants conspired to recruit people from Mexico to come to the U.S. illegally, and then forced them to live with them and work for them hawking pirated goods.
The trio allegedly abused and intimidated the illegal immigrants into working for them until their debts were paid off, according to prosecutors.
All three defendants have been in federal custody without bail since their arrests in September. If convicted on the forced labor conspiracy charge, they face up to 20 years in prison. A conviction for the harboring conspiracy charge carries a maximum penalty of 10 years and a fine of $250,000.
Human smuggling is the attempted transportation, facilitation, or illegal entry of a person or several people across an international border or borders through deception and often with the use of fraudulent documents. Human smuggling has become a lot more complex and expensive in recent years, due to more compound law enforcement stings and the influx of agents that have been assigned to states were immigration has become an increasing problem. Here are some of the biggest human smuggling busts:
Arizona bust- In April of 2010, Immigration and Custom Enforcement agents, cooperating with several other agencies busted a human smuggling ring that carried thousands of illegal immigrants from Mexico, Central America, and China across the border to cities all over the United States, including New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. With over 800 agents, possibly the biggest coordination ever by ICE agents, the sting had been a work in progress for over 2 years. After bringing the immigrants into the US, the human smugglers worked with local shuttle companies that would transport them to places all over the US. 47 people were arrested and 10 million dollars in assets, including real estate and property, were seized in the bust.
Victoria, Texas bust- A human smuggling bust in Texas in May of 2003 stands to be the deadliest human smuggling attempt on record in the US. More than 100 male and female immigrants from Mexico, Honduras and the Dominican Republic were stuffed into a tractor-trailer in South Texas headed for Houston, Texas. The trailer was later found abandoned at a truck stop about 115 miles away from Houston; the people inside had clawed away at the insulation inside the trailer, kicked and punch holes in the sides of the trailer, and cried and screamed until they were discovered. Authorities found 17 people dead from suffocation and dehydration in and around the trailer and several dozen were sent to hospitals to be treated, 2 of which later died in the hospital. The driver of the truck was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Los Angeles, California raid- 8 people were arrested in October 2009 after police, ICE agents and investigators conducted a sting operation on a family that illegally smuggled immigrants into the US and housed them until they were transported. The family, which included a couple and their son, who were believed to be the masterminds behind the operation, would charge between 2500 and 4500 dollars to smuggle Mexican immigrants into the US, and charged even double to smuggle Chinese immigrants. The group is responsible for smuggling at least 200 immigrants a year into the US.
Chui Ping Cheng- Chiu Ping Cheng aka, “Sister Ping” was sentenced to 35 years in prison in 2006 for her role in organizing a large human smuggling operation that lasted from 1984 and 2000. Cheng was charged with smuggling thousands of Chinese immigrants into the US- charging as much as $30,000 per person. Cheng was also involved in the Golden Venture tragedy in which the ship, which was carrying 300 illegal immigrants from China into the US, ran aground after a rebellion by the smugglers. 10 immigrants died trying to swim to shore, while the rest got away- or were deported or imprisoned.
Taiwan ring- In June of 2009, the National Immigration Agency arrested 74 suspects all in connection with a human smuggling operation that smuggled more than 40 Chinese citizens into the US, making over 3 million dollars, in 2 years. The group of smugglers was responsible for soliciting families that wanted to send their daughters to the US, and would sometimes charge them between 60 and 70 thousand dollars per person. The Border Affair Corps spent more than 8 months building their case leading up to the arrests of the 74 suspects; the main suspect, Ten Weng-shen, who is believed to have directed the operations, remains at large.
5 Biggest US Human Smuggling Busts | Forensic Colleges
What is described as a multimillion-dollar human-trafficking scheme is operating out of nail salons in Ohio, with immigrants from Southeast Asia - many of them illegal - being forced to work as "indentured servants" in exchange for passage to the U.S.
Kevin L. Miller, executive director of the Ohio Board of Cosmetology, said he expects "indictments and arrests" statewide in the next 60 days or so. State and local law-enforcement agencies, the FBI, Homeland Security and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement are investigating, he said.
The legal problems involve human trafficking, illegal immigration, identify theft, fraudulent license testing and potential national security threats, said Miller, who added that he could not provide specifics because of the ongoing investigation.
The matter came up at yesterday's meeting of the Ohio Trafficking in Persons Study Commission, convened by Attorney General Richard Cordray.
"It's a huge concern in most jurisdictions around the state of Ohio," Cordray said.
The cosmetology board annually licenses 145,000 people who work in nail shops, hair salons and tanning parlors.
"We're talking just in the state of Ohio about thousands of people who have fraudulently got their licenses," Miller said.
He told the commission that immigrants from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and other Southeast Asian countries, often brought illegally to the U.S. for a price, are given "laundered" false identities, including fake high-school diplomas, driver's licenses, immigration papers and other documents.
The employee then becomes an "indentured servant," working for the employer for two years for little or sometimes no money to pay off their debt. Often, the employees are required to live on the premises. The agency documented one case where 16 licensees lived at the same address.
Neither Miller nor Cordray commented specifically about homeland security issues. However, in his report to the commission, Miller referred by means of background to Najibullah Zazi, an al-Qaida operative who plotted to blow up New York subway stations using chemicals found in nail polish remover and hair dye.
The problem of illegal immigrants working in nail salons has cropped up in the past in Ohio and nationwide, but little has been done.
"It's easy to hide in plain sight," Miller said. "If they can get a driver's license, an address, a place where they went to school, they're all set."
The human-trafficking commission also discussed the need for more training for Ohio law-enforcement agencies. A majority of agencies which responded to a 2009 survey doubted their ability to recognize signs of human and labor trafficking; all wanted more training.
Lt. Matt Warren, head of the State Highway Patrol's criminal intelligence unit and a member of the human-trafficking panel, cited two cases in 2009 when training paid off in rescuing underage girls who were likely to become trafficking victims.
He said a trooper stopped an Idaho trucker for speeding near Athens last year and was suspicious about the 17-year-old girl in the passenger seat. Trained to recognize the signs of human trafficking, the trooper began asking questions and found the trucker was a sex offender who met the mentally challenged teenager online, picked her up in Marion and was transporting her when he was stopped for the traffic violation.
Similarly, a seemingly routine stop rescued a 17-year-old Detroit girl who was being trafficked at truck stops in the Lima and Dayton areas.
Cross-Channel operation leads to arrest of 26 people suspected of attempting to smuggle hundreds of migrants to Britain
French and British police say they have broken a human trafficking ring, arresting 26 people who were attempting to smuggle hundreds of migrants to the UK.
Scores of officers raided properties in Kent and France today in what is believed to be one of the biggest initiatives of its kind between forces from the two countries.
Damian Green, the immigration minister, said the arrests proved the value of close co-operation between the UK and France.
"Secure border controls are an absolute priority if we are to put an end to abuses of the system, and prevent people from coming to the UK through illegal routes," he said.
"That is why I am committed to working with my French counterpart to continue to improve security, and why we will continue with our successful summer operations against illegal immigration."
The French authorities said 18 suspected traffickers were arrested in France and eight more in Britain.
They are accused of smuggling hundreds of Albanians and Sri Lankans to the UK, charging between £1,500 and £4,000 a person.
Dozens of migrants were also detained during the operation, according to a statement from the French immigration ministry.
Last year France and the UK signed a deal aimed at tackling the growing number of migrants gathered at Calais. The agreement saw the UK allocate £15m to tighten British border controls and France promise to begin voluntary and forced repatriations.
The deal, agreed as Gordon Brown met Nicolas Sarkozy for a pre-G8 summit, was hailed as a breakthrough by the UK authorities who said it was the first time France had explicitly agreed to step up removal flights from northern France.
In September last year the French authorities closed down a makeshift camp in Calais known as "the jungle", which was home to hundreds of migrants, mostly Afghans. It signalled the start of a widespread crackdown by the French authorities that some campaign groups say has lead to the heavy-handed treatment of minority groups across the country.
The French authorities said today's arrests were part of an ongoing operation.
Green said: "This operation demonstrates how crucial it is that the UK Border Agency [UKBA], Serious Organised Crime Agency [Soca], the police, and French law enforcement work together to crack down on immigration crime, and put a stop to the trafficking that preys on the vulnerable and destroys lives."
The Home Office said the operation was co-ordinated by the Joint Intelligence Unit in Folkestone, which consists of the UKBA, Soca, Kent police, the French border police and the French anti-illegal immigration agency.
Laguna, struggling to repay a debt to smugglers who brought him into the country from Mexico, decided to become a pimp -- driving his girlfriend to migrant labor camps in Hillsborough County, Florida, and selling her for sex.
Over four months in late 2009, as many as 80 men slept with the teenage girl while Laguna pocketed $25 a head. He later pressured his girlfriend to recruit high school classmates to work as prostitutes too.
Law enforcement agents arrested Laguna in April and charged him with sex trafficking of a minor, a federal crime.
According to the affidavit, Laguna, 25, said his girlfriend, who's a U.S. citizen, agreed to help him pay off his debt by having sex for cash. But the girl, who has a mental disability and is only identified as "Victim #1," told detectives separately, "I don't wanna do this.""This girl was rescued from a nightmare which could only have gotten worse," said Hillsborough County Sheriff David Gee.
As national debate rages over ties between illegal immigration and crime, the Laguna-Guerrero case depicts a disturbing trend in human sex trafficking and, some immigration critics say, a consequence of the U.S. failure to secure its borders.
"This is a heinous crime, there are real victims left in its wake, and it's all unnecessary," said Ira Mehlman of the Federation of Americans for Immigration Reform. "It could have been prevented if he weren't here illegally... Legal immigrants go through a vetting process that's designed to weed out criminals."
Laguna, who worked as a strawberry picker on a farm near Tampa, first arrived in the U.S. in 2002. He told investigators the smugglers who brought him into the country threatened to cut off his fingers if he did not soon pay his $2,000 debt.
While Mehlman praised Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents for uncovering the case and prosecuting the "most egregious" crimes perpetrated by immigrants, he said more must be done to curb the "disproportionate" criminal activity of those in the U.S. illegally.
Illegal immigrants make up about 3 percent of the U.S. population, according to Census statistics. "Criminal aliens" make up about 27 percent of inmates in federal prisons, according to a 2005 Government Accountability Office report.
But immigration advocates say focusing on the share of inmates in federal prison and on cases like Laguna's can be highly misleading and downright wrong.
"Immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than native-born citizens," said Ben Johnson, executive director of the American Immigration Council.
Johnson said the share of immigrants in federal prisons may seem alarming but that only 8 percent of all U.S. prisoners are in such facilities. Most are in state and local prisons, where incarceration rates for immigrants are lower than average.
He also pointed out that many immigrants in the federal system may simply be there because they lack legal immigration status -- not for having committed flagrant criminal offenses.
"No community is immune from the ravages of drugs and sexual violence. But the overwhelming majority of those crimes are not done by immigrants," Johnson said. "We don't ask criminals about their political affiliation or their religion. So why should we focus on their immigration status?"
Immigrations and Customs Enforcement officials say they continue to prosecute crimes committed by immigrants, including cases of sex trafficking. The agency investigated 557 sex trafficking cases between 2005 and 2007 and convicted 129 enders, according to the most recent data.
Sex trafficking, or the recruitment, transportation and use of another person for the purpose of trading sex for money, has become an alarming trend in recent years.An estimated 240,000 American children are at risk of commercial sexual exploitation with the average age of first-time prostitutes ranging from 12 to 14, according to a recent Justice Department study.
Laguna-Guerrero, who allegedly began trafficking his girlfriend when she was 16, currently faces a trial in U.S. Federal District Court. If convicted, he faces up to life in prison.
ABC News' Julie Percha contributed to this report.
Immigration: Sex Trafficking of Mentally Disabled Girl Puts Focus on Illegal Immigrants and Crime - ABC News
The interviews were conducted almost exclusively in Spanish, and recordings were transcribed and translated into English. The women were first asked questions from a standard survey and then, based on their answers, asked by a researcher to elaborate on their experiences.
In most cases, the women quoted in this report are identified by their first name only, to protect their identities. In other cases, in which the subject did not want to be identified in any way, a fictional first name is used. Those names appear with an asterisk.
Authored by: Mary Bauer and Mónica Ramírez
View our Teacher's Guide (PDF) published by Teaching Tolerance.
Facts About Immigrant Women Working in the U.S. Food Industry
Undocumented women are among the most vulnerable workers in our society today. They fill the lowest paying jobs in our economy and provided the backbreaking labor that helps bring food to our tables. Yet they are routinely cheated out of wages and subjected to an array of other abuses in the workplace. They are generally powerless to enforce their rights or protect themselves. The following are facts from the SPLC report Injustice on Our Plates.
Undocumented Immigrants
Farmworkers
Poultry Workers
Sexual Abuse On the Job
1 Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 14, 2009.
2 Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda, “Raising the Floor for American Workers,” Center for American Progress and Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Council, January 2010.
3 Eduardo Porter, “Illegal Immigrants Are Bolstering Social Security with Billions,” The New York Times, April 5, 2005.
4 National Center for Farmworker Health, “Facts About Farmworkers,” Found at http://www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Facts%20about%20Farmworkers.pdf. Last visited Nov. 12, 2010.
5 U.S. Department of Labor, “National Agricultural Worker Survey,” Published March 2005, Found at http://www.doleta.gov/agworker/report9/naws_rpt9.pdf, 9. Last visited March 15, 2007.
6 Analysis of public access data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey for FY 2004-2006, Office of Policy Development and Research, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.
7 National Center for Farmworker Health, Inc., “Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Demographics,” 2009, at 3.
8 The National Agricultural Workers Survey, United States Department of Labor, 2005. www.doleta.gov/agworker/naws.cfm.
9 Maternal & Child Health Fact Sheet, National Center for Farm Worker Health, 2009, www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-MATERNAL%20FACT%20SHEET.pdf.
10 J. Routt Reigart and James R. Roberts, “Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings,” Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fifth Edition, 1999.
11 Also, in most Southern states, either there is no state minimum wage or farmworkers are expressly excluded from coverage.
12 See, e.g., Ala. Code § 25-1-1; Ark. Code Ann. § 11-2-101; O.C.G.A. (Georgia) §§ 34-2-2, 34-2-10; La. R.S. § 23.13.
13 Jeffrey S. Passel, “Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 14, 2005, and Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn “A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 14, 2009.
14 William G. Whittaker, “Labor Practices in the Meat Packing and Poultry Processing Industry: An Overview,” Congressional Research Service, July 20, 2005, www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33002.pdf, accessed October 5, 2010, citing Industrial Safety & Hygiene News, July 2002, 14.
15 “Injury and Injustice — America’s Poultry Industry,” United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, www.ufcw.org/press_room/fact_sheets_and_ backgrounder/ poultryindustry_.cfm, accessed October 5, 2010.
16 “Hazards and Disorders of Poultry Processing, U.S. Occupational and Safety Health Administration presentation,” www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/powerpoint/chicken/index.html.
17 “U.S. Department of Labor Poultry Processing Compliance Survey Fact Sheet,” U.S. Department of Labor, January 2001, http://www.ufcw.org/docUploads/ Usdept~1.pdf?CFID=5119829&CFTOKEN=98920065.
18 Irma Morales Waugh, “Examining the Sexual Harassment Experiences of Mexican Immigrant Farmworking Women,” Violence Against Women, January 2010, 11.
19 Maria Ontiveros. “Lessons From the Fields: Female Farmworkers and the Law,” 55 ME. L. Rev. 157, 169. (2003).
20 Margo Harakas. “Tales of the Green Motel.” The Sun-Sentinel, February 12, 1989.
21 Rebecca Clarren. “The Green Motel,” Ms., Summer 2005, at 42; See also Ontiveros at 169.
22 Mónica Ramírez and Mike Meuter. The Holistic Representation Model: A Best Practices Manual for Representing Farmworker Women Who Have Been Sexually Harassed, Southern Poverty Law Center, 2nd Edition Published November 2008.